#!/usr/bin/perl

@countries = (
    {   name       => 'Finland',
        area       => 130119,
        language   => ['Finnish', 'Swedish'],
        government => 'constitutional republic' },

    {   name       => 'Canada',
        area       => 3849000,
        language   => ['English', 'French'],
        government => 'confederation with parliamentary democracy' },

    {   name       => 'USA',
        area       => 3618770,
        language   => ['English'],
        government => 'federal republic with democracy' },
);

print "Example 1:\n";

foreach $country (@countries) {
    if (grep ($_ eq "English", @{${$country}{language}})) {
        foreach $language (@{${$country}{language}}) {
            print $ {$country} {name}, " speaks $language\n";
        }
    }
}

print "\nExample 2:\n";

foreach $country (@countries) {
    my @languages = @{ $country->{language} };
    if (@languages > 1) {
        foreach $language (@languages) {
            print $country->{name}, " speaks $language\n";
        }
    }
}