"""
blackjack.py

An implementation of black jack illustrating the use of objects
(i.e. classes) in python.

See programming exercise 15 in chapter 11 of 
Zelle's "Python Programming" book.

Tested with python 3.5.2.

$ python blackjack.py
--- hands with 2 to four cards --
<BlackjackHand value=16 with 2 cards: six of clubs, jack of diamonds>
<BlackjackHand value=19 with 4 cards: ace of diamonds, nine of hearts, five of spades, four of spades>
<BlackjackHand value=27 with 4 cards: queen of hearts, ace of hearts, eight of hearts, eight of diamonds>
<BlackjackHand value=17 with 3 cards: ace of spades, six of spades, ten of clubs>
<BlackjackHand value=17 with 2 cards: ten of diamonds, seven of clubs>
<BlackjackHand value=22 with 3 cards: two of clubs, jack of clubs, ten of hearts>
<BlackjackHand value=20 with 2 cards: king of diamonds, jack of spades>
<BlackjackHand value=8 with 2 cards: seven of diamonds, ace of clubs>
<BlackjackHand value=12 with 3 cards: four of diamonds, three of clubs, five of clubs>
<BlackjackHand value=29 with 4 cards: seven of hearts, nine of diamonds, eight of spades, five of hearts>
<BlackjackHand value=5 with 2 cards: three of hearts, two of diamonds>
<BlackjackHand value=30 with 3 cards: king of spades, queen of spades, ten of spades>
<BlackjackHand value=24 with 4 cards: five of diamonds, jack of hearts, two of spades, seven of spades>
<BlackjackHand value=17 with 3 cards: four of clubs, three of spades, queen of clubs>
<BlackjackHand value=13 with 2 cards: three of diamonds, queen of diamonds>
<BlackjackHand value=20 with 3 cards: king of hearts, four of hearts, six of hearts>
<BlackjackHand value=19 with 3 cards: eight of clubs, nine of clubs, two of hearts>
--- looking for 2 card blackjack --
14'th hand: <BlackjackHand value=21 with 2 cards: ace of hearts, king of spades>
58'th hand: <BlackjackHand value=21 with 2 cards: ace of clubs, jack of diamonds>
70'th hand: <BlackjackHand value=21 with 2 cards: queen of spades, ace of diamonds>
97'th hand: <BlackjackHand value=21 with 2 cards: ace of spades, queen of clubs>
108'th hand: <BlackjackHand value=21 with 2 cards: jack of clubs, ace of diamonds>
113'th hand: <BlackjackHand value=21 with 2 cards: ace of clubs, ten of spades>
125'th hand: <BlackjackHand value=21 with 2 cards: ten of spades, ace of diamonds>
142'th hand: <BlackjackHand value=21 with 2 cards: ten of diamonds, ace of clubs>
158'th hand: <BlackjackHand value=21 with 2 cards: ace of hearts, king of clubs>
180'th hand: <BlackjackHand value=21 with 2 cards: ace of diamonds, queen of diamonds>
185'th hand: <BlackjackHand value=21 with 2 cards: ace of clubs, king of spades>
189'th hand: <BlackjackHand value=21 with 2 cards: ace of clubs, king of clubs>
198'th hand: <BlackjackHand value=21 with 2 cards: ten of clubs, ace of clubs>
216'th hand: <BlackjackHand value=21 with 2 cards: ace of hearts, queen of hearts>
255'th hand: <BlackjackHand value=21 with 2 cards: ten of hearts, ace of clubs>
257'th hand: <BlackjackHand value=21 with 2 cards: king of spades, ace of spades>
292'th hand: <BlackjackHand value=21 with 2 cards: queen of diamonds, ace of spades>
--- hit me ---
<BlackjackHand value=10 with 1 cards: king of clubs>
<BlackjackHand value=17 with 2 cards: king of clubs, seven of spades>
<BlackjackHand value=22 with 3 cards: king of clubs, seven of spades, five of hearts>
...
<BlackjackHand value=10 with 1 cards: jack of diamonds>
<BlackjackHand value=15 with 2 cards: jack of diamonds, five of diamonds>
<BlackjackHand value=17 with 3 cards: jack of diamonds, five of diamonds, two of hearts>
<BlackjackHand value=20 with 4 cards: jack of diamonds, five of diamonds, two of hearts, three of clubs>
<BlackjackHand value=30 with 5 cards: jack of diamonds, five of diamonds, two of hearts, three of clubs, jack of spades>
...
<BlackjackHand value=8 with 1 cards: eight of hearts>
<BlackjackHand value=14 with 2 cards: eight of hearts, six of hearts>
<BlackjackHand value=15 with 3 cards: eight of hearts, six of hearts, ace of hearts>
<BlackjackHand value=19 with 4 cards: eight of hearts, six of hearts, ace of hearts, four of diamonds>
<BlackjackHand value=24 with 5 cards: eight of hearts, six of hearts, ace of hearts, four of diamonds, five of clubs>
...
 
Jim Mahoney | cs.marlboro.college | Nov 2018 | MIT License
"""

import random

class Card:
    """ A playing card with a rank and suit.
        >>> d2 = Card('two', 'diamonds')
        >>> print(d2)
        two of diamonds
    """

    # This is a "class variable" - full name is Card.suits
    suits = ('clubs', 'diamonds', 'hearts', 'spades')

    # And another "class variable - full name is Card.ranks
    ranks = ('ace', 'two', 'three', 'four', 'five', 'six',
             'seven', 'eight', 'nine', 'ten', 'jack',
             'queen', 'king')

    def __init__(self, rank=None, suit=None):
        if rank not in Card.ranks:
            rank = random.choice(Card.ranks)
        if suit not in Card.suits:
            rank = random.choice(Card.suits)
        self.rank = rank
        self.suit = suit
        
    def __str__(self):
        return "{} of {}".format(self.rank, self.suit)

    def is_ace(self):
        """ Return True if this is an ace """
        return self.rank == 'ace'
    
class BlackjackCard(Card):
    """ A playing card with a value() function that gives its blackjack value.
        >>> two_diamonds = BlackjackCard('two', 'diamonds')
        >>> two_diamonds.value()
        2
        >>> print(two_diamonds)
        two of diamonds
    """

    # BlackjackCard.values
    values = { 'ace': 1,
               'two': 2,
               'three': 3,
               'four': 4,
               'five': 5,
               'six': 6,
               'seven': 7,
               'eight': 8,
               'nine': 9,
               'ten': 10,
               'jack': 10,
               'queen': 10,
               'king': 10
              }
                  
    def value(self):
        return BlackjackCard.values[self.rank]

class Deck:
    """ A deck of 52 Cards. 
        >>> deck = Deck()
        >>> print(deck)
        <Deck of 52 cards>
        >>> print(deck.pull())
        king of spades
        >>> print(deck.pull())
        queen of spades
        >>> print(deck)
        <Deck of 50 cards>
    """

    def __init__(self, cardclass=Card):
        self.cardclass = cardclass
        self.cards = []
        for suit in Card.suits:
            for rank in Card.ranks:
                self.cards.append(cardclass(rank, suit))

    def __str__(self):
        return "<Deck of {} {}>".format(len(self),
                                        (self.cardclass.__name__+'s').lower())

    def __len__(self):
        return len(self.cards)
    
    def pull(self, rand=False):
        """ Pull a card from the top of the deck or from a random place. Return it. """
        # Here the "top" is the last one in the self.cards list.
        if rand:
            which = random.randrange(len(self))
            return self.cards.pop(which)
        else:
            return self.cards.pop()

    def push(self, card):
        """ Append a card to top of deck """
        self.cards.append(card)

    def shuffle(self):
        """ Put the deck into a random order """
        # random has a shuffle method ... but here I'm also repeatedly choosing
        # a card at random and moving it to the front, (Because of the way
        # pseudo randoms work, random.shuffle misses most permutations of a 52
        # card deck.)
        random.shuffle(self.cards)
        for i in range(len(self)**2):
            self.push(self.pull(rand=True))
            
class Hand(Deck):
    """ A hand of playing cards 
        >>> fulldeck = Deck()
        >>> h = Hand(fulldeck, 3)
        >>> print(h)
        <Hand of 3 cards: king of spades, queen of spades, jack of spades>
    """

    def __init__(self, deck=None, n=1):
        """ Make a hand by pulling n cards from a given deck. """
        self.cards = []
        if deck:
            for i in range(n):
                self.push(deck.pull())

    def __str__(self):
        result = "<Hand of {} cards".format(len(self))
        if len(self.cards) <= 5:
            result = result + ': ' + self.cards_string()
        return result + '>'

    def cards_string(self):
        """ return string of card descriptions """
        if self.cards:
            result = ''
            for card in self.cards:
                result = result + str(card) + ', '
            return result[:-2]
        else:
            return ''

class BlackjackHand(Hand):
    """ a blackjack hand and its value (treating ace as 1 or 11) """

    def value(self):
        """ Return blackjack value of this hand """
        result = 0
        for card in self.cards:
            result = result + card.value()
        if result == 11 and self.has_ace():
            result = 21
        return result

    def __str__(self):
        return ("<BlackjackHand value={} with {} cards: " + \
                self.cards_string() + ">").format(
                    self.value(), len(self.cards))
    
    def has_ace(self):
        """ Return true if one of the cards is an ace """
        for card in self.cards:
            if card.is_ace():
                return True
        return False
    
    def is_ok(self):
        """ return true if this had is 21 or less """
        return self.value() <= 21

    def is_blackjack(self):
        return self.value() == 21

def main():
    
    print("--- hands with 2 to four cards --")
    deck = Deck(cardclass=BlackjackCard)
    deck.shuffle()
    while len(deck) > 4:
        n = random.randint(2, 4)
        bj = BlackjackHand(deck, n)
        print(bj)
        
    print("--- looking for 2 card blackjack --")
    counter = 0
    while counter < 300:
        deck = Deck(cardclass=BlackjackCard)
        deck.shuffle()
        counter = counter + 1
        bj = BlackjackHand(deck, 2)
        if bj.is_blackjack():
            print("{}'th hand: {}".format(counter, bj))
            
    print("--- hit me ---")
    deck = Deck(cardclass=BlackjackCard)
    deck.shuffle()
    for i in range(3):
        bj = BlackjackHand()
        while bj.is_ok():
            bj.push(deck.pull())
            print(bj)
        print("...")

if __name__ == '__main__':
    import doctest
    doctest.testmod()
    main()