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Articles to use
Training to recognize individual differences in collectivism and individualism within culture
Abstract: This article describes a self-administered questionnaire that allows individuals to determine their own tendencies toward individualism and collectivism. This approach enables trainers to (a) introduce novices to the constructs, (b) clarify that demographic factors and individual experiences, over and above cultural background, shift a person's position on these cultural syndromes, and (c) provide training on how to place individuals more accurately in the context of the individualism and collectivism constructs. We also report the convergent validity of the new measures, and indicate which of the constituent elements of each measure are most central to the convergence with other measures of individualism and collectivism.
Citation: Triandis, H.C. & Singelis, T.M. (1998). Training to recognize individual differences in collectivism and individualism within culture. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 22(1), 35-47.
Multiethnic comparison of adolescent major depression based on the DSM-IV Criteria in a U.S.-Japan study
Abstract:
Objectives: To compare the prevalence rates of major depression based on the DSM-IV criteria with data from a multiethnic sample of adolescents drawn from the same U.S.-Japan study and to investigate the relation of adolescent major depression to ethnicity.
Method: Adolescents aged 12-15 years (N = 2,046; 539 Anglo-American, 636 African-American, 409 Mexican-American, and 462 Japanese adolescents) were studied in 1994 (response rates: 85.3% for U.S. students and 95.5% for Japanese students). The DSM Scale for Depression, a self-administered checklist developed from the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children questions on major depression, was used to estimate the prevalence of DSM-IV major depression.
Results: The overall prevalence rates of major depression without/with impairment were 9.6% and 4.3% for Anglo-American, 13.4% and 6.1% for African-American, 16.9% and 9.0% for Mexican-American, and 5.6% and 1.3% for Japanese adolescents. The significant association between adolescent major depression and ethnicity disappeared after sociodemographic adjustments. Only fathers' educational attainment and family financial status remained significant (odds ratios: 3.28-5.30 for grade school for fathers and 2.62-2.78 for being worse off economically).
Conclusion: These findings imply ethnicity does not have a significant impact on the risk of adolescent major depression after sociodemographic adjustments.
Citation: Doi, Y. et al. (November 2001). Multiethnic comparison of adolescent major depression based on the DSM-IV Criteria in a U.S.-Japan study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 40(11),1308-1315.
Cross-cultural equivalence in depression assessment: Japan–Europe–North American study.
Abstract:
Objective: Worldwide use of the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD) presupposes that depression symptomatology can be measured the same way across countries but no empirical study has yet examined this issue. We therefore examined cross-cultural consistency of factor structure of HRSD.
Method: A 17-item HRSD data were sought for 5185 individuals diagnosed with major depression in Japan, Europe and North America. Candidate factor structures were obtained with simultaneous component analysis (SCA) across the three cultures. They were then submitted to multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis (CFA).
Results: According to SCA, 3-, 4- or 5-factor solutions were found to optimally and adequately summarize the variables for all the three populations. When submitted to CFA, the 5-factor solution was the best fitting and the most parsimonious: they were ‘anhedonia/retardation,’ ‘guilt/agitation,’ ‘bodily symptoms,’ ‘insomnia’ and ‘appetite.’
Conclusion: Common underlying factors exist for HRSD among Japanese, European and American patients with major depression.
Citation: Furukawa, T. A., et al. (October 2005). Cross-cultural equivalence in depression assessment: Japan–Europe–North American study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 112(4), 279-285.
